INSIGHT OF PANDEMIC COVID-19: DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES

This review focuses on the characteristics of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) including virus structure, ecoepidemiology and pathophysiology, signs and symptoms in infected people, and data on virus pathogenicity, severity, and survivability in COVID-19 infected patients. The emphasis is on immunological reactions, diagnosis, prophylactic methods, and the zoonotic significance of COVID-19. The authors feel that the review's contents will be valuable to epidemiologists, virologists, public health officials, diagnosticians, laboratory workers, environmentalists, and socioeconomic experts. It has information on the many types of coronavirus variants, the disease situation in Pakistan and the WHO criteria for COVID-19 prevention is given. Moreover, lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic are also outlined.

Asymmetric effects and volatility transmission from metals markets to solar energy stocks: Evidence from DCC, ADCC, and quantile regression approach

Detrimental environmental repercussions have recently given rise to an interest in green investments. Although solar energy stocks are appealing assets for ethical investors, little is known about their dynamic correlations and linkages with metal (silicon, lithium, and rare earth) markets, particularly during economic events which is essential for hedging effectiveness and asset allocation. This study investigates the nexus between metal markets, oil price volatility (OVX), market sentiments (VIX), and solar energy markets using DCC, ADCC models, and the quantile regression approach. The results show both symmetric and asymmetric shock spillover between metals markets, VIX, OVX, and solar energy markets which are more prominent during COVID-19 pandemic, US-China trade frictions, and Russian invasion of Ukraine. For portfolio management, the hedging effectiveness of lithium stocks is highest, followed by silicon and rare earth metals. However, the hedge ratios are time-varying, and the variability is highest during US-China trade frictions. The quantile regression estimates reveal that lithium market is the most persistent determinant of solar energy stocks followed by silicon market even after segregating the periods into Paris Agreement and COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, lithium and silicon are driving markets of solar energy markets and can be a cause of omitted variable bias if stay unobserved. Nonetheless, there is little influence of VIX, rare earth metals, and OVX on solar energy stocks. Lastly, the estimations of threshold regression suggest that market sentiments change the association between metal markets and solar energy markets after the VIX reaches a certain threshold level. © 2023

Novel COVID-19 Outbreak and Global Uncertainty in the Top-10 Affected Countries: Evidence from Wavelet Coherence Approach

This study explores the association of novel COVID-19 with the dominant financial assets, global uncertainty, commodity prices, and stock markets of the top ten corona-affected countries. We employ a wavelet coherence technique to unearth this linkage using daily data of COVID-19 deaths and reported cases from 1 January 2020 until 26 February 2021. The study finds a weak coherence between COVID-19 and global uncertainty variables in the short and medium term, while a strong positive correlation has been witnessed in the long run. The COVID-19 cases impact the stock markets in the short and medium term, while no significant impact is reported in the long run. On the other hand, a substantial impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has also been found on the exchange rate. In addition, the real asset market, such as gold, remains more stable during the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, the study recommends that investors and portfolio managers should add such assets to their investment options to safeguard the excessive risk and downside momentum of the equity market. The study also has implications for regulators who are concerned with the neutrality of the COVID-19 effect and market stability. © 2023 by the authors.

Medications safety for special population case studies: Pediatrics

Medication errors are among the most common medical errors, and studies have shown that the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable. Errors can occur at any stage of the medication process. We tried to build various cases, which highlighted different aspects of drug safety in pediatrics. The case studies focused on vancomycin infusion, supportive treatment in COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory illness, side effect of antitubercular treatment drugs, management of respiratory failure, low cardiac functioning, acyclovir nephrotoxicity, stress ulcer, cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rhabdomyosarcoma, blood pressure after aortic coarctation elective surgery, and use of paracetamol instead of NSAIDs in pediatrics. These cases would be useful in both as a diagnostic tool and as a way of monitoring certain conditions. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment of Knowledge and Perception of Pharmacy Students Regarding Herbal Drugs: a Cross-Sectional Analysis from Pakistan

Herbal drug therapy is a beneficial and easily accessible modality of treatment.Pharmacist can play a pivotal role in rationalizing its use. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge and perception ofpharmacy students regarding herbal drugs.We conducted a cross-sectional survey using avalidated study instrument. The survey included pharmacy students from various universities across Pakistan.There were 342 (54.3%) 4(t)h yearand 288 (45.7%) 5(th) year students. We found statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) in the knowledge of male and female respondentsregarding;'the carminative use of Hyoscyamus niger' and 'effectiveness of Citrus aurantifolia in vomiting and chest burning'. Similarly, significant variations were found in perception of students regarding the 'inclusion of herbal drugs in every medical degree course', 'evidence-based herbal drugs use', and 'necessity of specific portion of herbal drugs in every pharmacy'. More than 40% of students agreed that it was fine to use Senna alexandrina during COVID-19 pandemic-era without evidence-based studies.The knowledge of pharmacy students about herbal drugs is not satisfactory and evidence-based drug use is to be improved to enhance their skills in the rational therapy of herbal drugs, which will be fruitful in managing the community's disease conditions.

Assessment of Knowledge and Perception of Pharmacy Students Regarding Herbal Drugs: a Cross-Sectional Analysis from Pakistan

Herbal drug therapy is a beneficial and easily accessible modality of treatment.Pharmacist can play a pivotal role in rationalizing its use. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge and perception ofpharmacy students regarding herbal drugs.We conducted a cross-sectional survey using avalidated study instrument. The survey included pharmacy students from various universities across Pakistan.There were 342 (54.3%) 4th yearand 288 (45.7%) 5th year students. We found statistically significant variations (p < 0.05) in the knowledge of male and female respondentsregarding;'the carminative use of Hyoscyamus niger' and 'effectiveness of Citrus aurantifolia in vomiting and chest burning'. Similarly, significant variations were found in perception of students regarding the 'inclusion of herbal drugs in every medical degree course', 'evidence-based herbal drugs use', and 'necessity of specific portion of herbal drugs in every pharmacy'. More than 40% of students agreed that it was fine to use Senna alexandrina during COVID-19 pandemic-era without evidence-based studies.The knowledge of pharmacy students about herbal drugs is not satisfactory and evidence-based drug use is to be improved to enhance their skills in the rational therapy of herbal drugs, which will be fruitful in managing the community's disease conditions. Copyright © 2022, Colegio de Farmaceuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. All rights reserved.

A REVIEW ON ASPECTS OF CURRENT PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR COVID-19

: The novel coronavirus has infected over 609,848,852 individuals throughout the world with a total death of over 6.5 million since its outbreak in December 2019. Since then many therapeutic options have been approached and tested in clinical trials as well to find a potential cure or preventive therapy for the COVID-19 disease. This review summarizes the potential therapeutic options currently available for the treatment of COVID-19 including lopinavir-ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, dexamethasone, interferon, antibodies, Tocilizumab, Azithromycin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Moxifloxacin, Ivermectin, Nitazoxanide, Baricitinib, and Arbidol. This study briefly discusses the clinical trials and encompasses the dosage, efficacy, adverse drug reactions, and possible mechanism of action of the potential treatment candidate where applicable. The growing number of reported cases posits an exigent need for a suitable therapy for the prevention and cure of this disease. Therefore, the study aims to provide vital information on each drug to highlight the latest scientific research that could be helpful for better prevention/treatment of COVID-19 disease.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Medical and Non-Medical Students towards COVID-19 in Punjab, Pakistan: a Cross-sectional Survey

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is posing a huge burden on the entire world including developing countries like Pakistan. Our objective was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perception of medical and non-medical college students towards COVID-19. A cross sectional survey was conducted among the college students of Punjab, Pakistan using a self-administered questionnaire during April-June 2021. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was used to evaluate adequate knowledge, good Attitude, and good Perception about COVID 19. P-value was determined using mood's median test and the value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 925 respondents completed the survey (37.8% males and 62.2% females). Mean knowledge score of the study respondents was 7.0 (maximum score 10.0). Mean attitude and perception scores were 37 and 33.5 respectively (maximum score 50.0). Statistically significant variations (p < 0.001) were observed in the knowledge of college students regarding number of people residing in the household and exercising regularly or not. Different age groups gave significant differences (p < 0.001) regarding the attitudes towards COVID-19). Significant variations were also found in the perception of the respondents depending upon the number of people residing in the household (p = 0.003), place of residence (p = 0.008). Pakistani students had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19, but their attitudes and perceptions needed to be flourishing. These students could help reduce the spread of COVID-19 by guiding the general public on good COVID-19 practices. Copyright © 2021, Colegio de Farmaceuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 dispersion in naturally-ventilated classrooms: a study on inlet-outlet characteristics

Infectious aerosol dispersion poses significant infection risks (i.e., COVID-19) in classrooms due to dense and long occupancy. Natural ventilation is an effective strategy to reduce airborne infection transmission. The building-related parameters, particularly openings, determine the natural ventilation effectiveness in reducing contaminant dispersion, necessitating an inquiry due to complex dispersion and airflow patterns. This paper investigates the correlation between window height, natural ventilation, and COVID-19 dispersion. A simulation pipeline involving a parametric 3D design environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and energy simulations is developed and implemented on nine design scenarios representing different inlet-outlet heights of a free-running (no heating, cooling or mechanical ventilation) classroom. The inlet height and the inlet-outlet height difference have a considerable impact on indoor infection risk confirming that stack ventilation and the Bernoulli effect decrease indoor contaminant concentration. Proximity to openings does not ensure lower contamination levels. Proximity to the contaminant does not result in higher contamination levels.

The Effects of Sex Hormones and some Respiratory Diseases on the Severity of Corona Virus Infection

Sex hormones and chronic respiratory diseases play a role in the pathogenesis and the management of Covid-19 infection. Present research tries to shed light on the role of sex hormones, bronchial asthma and lung cancer on the severity of Covid-19 infection and the resulting mortality rate. This study included a follow-up of the health status of 85 patients infected with Covid-19, and all the patients previously diagnosed had hereditary respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma (64) and lung cancer (21)). The serum level of progesterone and testosterone and the stages of lung cancer development were measured in the laboratories of Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. After conducting medical examinations, computed tomography and x-rays, the severity of Covid-19 infection was classified according to the WHO to moderate, severe and critical infection. The current results showed that most of the hospitalized cases were males (65%) with a death rate (18%), so bronchial asthma was associated with the death rate in males (70% of dead males), followed by postmenopausal (POM) women (66.7% of the dead woman), while pre-menopausal (PRM) women had the highest cure rate (100%). The results of the study showed that the rise in the mean of progesterone in PRM (13.55 ng/ml) was associated with moderate symptoms of Covid-19, while the increased testosterone in males and POM (1018 ng/dL and 67.3 ng/dL, respectively) was associated with an increase in the severity of the infection. In conclusion, asthma and high testosterone directly affected the increase in the severity of Covid-19 and the high mortality rate among the Corona sufferers. While advanced lung cancer had a clear role in that, at the same time, progesterone appeared as a protective factor in young women. © 2022 by the authors.

Skin problems related to personal protective equipment and personal hygiene measures during COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia

Background: Reports revealed rising levels of skin diseases secondary to protective equipment use. Healthcare providers who are working day and night during the pandemic of COVID-19 are more susceptible to the damage of the skin. There is scarce published data about the incidence of skin disorders secondary to protective equipment use during the COVID-19 pandemic and what factors are associated in Saudi Arabia. Aim: Assessing the potential skin damage as a result of personal protection equipment (PPE) and intensive hygiene measures for healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic in Aseer region. Methods: This study a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study done in Aseer region from January to October 2021. Personal data and related to history of skin disease, practices toward personal protective equipment, and new skin damage was collected and analyzed. Independent t-test and chi-square test was used to determine factors associated with the incidence of new skin damage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Total of 214 participants was included in the study. (47.7%) of the participants reported experiencing new skin damage during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 112 (52.3%) of the participants did not. Age, having a history of chronic skin disease, and number of worn gloves layers were all significantly associated with the incidence of skin damage during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The considerable rate of new skin damage during the COVID-19 pandemic makes it essential to take action and start rising awareness toward this topic among health-care workers as well as teaching them how to prevent the incidence of new skin damage.

The impact of natural ventilation on airborne biocontaminants: a study on COVID-19 dispersion in an open office

Purpose Biocontaminants represent higher risks to occupants' health in shared spaces. Natural ventilation is an effective strategy against indoor air biocontamination. However, the relationship between natural ventilation and indoor air contamination requires an in-depth investigation of the behavior of airborne infectious diseases, particularly concerning the contaminant's viral and aerodynamic characteristics. This research investigates the effectiveness of natural ventilation in preventing infection risks for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through indoor air contamination of a free-running, naturally-ventilated room (where no space conditioning is used) that contains a person having COVID-19 through building-related parameters. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts a case study strategy involving a simulation-based approach. A simulation pipeline is implemented through a number of design scenarios for an open office. The simulation pipeline performs integrated contamination analysis, coupling a parametric 3D design environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and energy simulations. The results of the implemented pipeline for COVID-19 are evaluated for building and environment-related parameters. Study metrics are identified as indoor air contamination levels, discharge period and the time of infection. Findings According to the simulation results, higher indoor air temperatures help to reduce the infection risk. Free-running spring and fall seasons can pose higher infection risk as compared to summer. Higher opening-to-wall ratios have higher potential to reduce infection risk. Adjacent window configuration has an advantage over opposite window configuration. As a design strategy, increasing opening-to-wall ratio has a higher impact on reducing the infection risk as compared to changing the opening configuration from opposite to adjacent. However, each building setup is a unique case that requires a systematic investigation to reliably understand the complex airflow and contaminant dispersion behavior. Metrics, strategies and actions to minimize indoor contamination risks should be addressed in future building standards. The simulation pipeline developed in this study has the potential to support decision-making during the adaptation of existing buildings to pandemic conditions and the design of new buildings. Originality/value The addressed need of investigation is especially crucial for the COVID-19 that is contagious and hazardous in shared indoors due to its aerodynamic behavior, faster transmission rates and high viral replicability. This research contributes to the current literature by presenting the simulation-based results for COVID-19 as investigated through building-related and environment-related parameters against contaminant concentration levels, the discharge period and the time of infection. Accordingly, this research presents results to provide a basis for a broader understanding of the correlation between the built environment and the aerodynamic behavior of COVID-19.

Facts and Figures on Covid-19 Pandemic Outbreak

A variety of infectious public health problems are prevailing in the world. Among these, epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (MERS-Co V) emerged as very important issues during last three decades as these infections caused quite large number of human deaths worldwide. Coronaviruses are single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses which mainly in past were considered responsible for high percentage of (around 30%) of common cold/flu cases. Viruses causing SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are members of family Coronavirdae. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the novel Cov-19 virus infection was first diagnosed in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China during December 2019. Initially the virus was named as nCoV-19 and later disease due to this virus was named as COVID-19, and recently named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. This new coronavirus was found to have 86.9 % homology to a bat corona virus and hence it was suspected to have been originated from bats. Till 15th January 2021, the COVID-19 infection has been reported from 219 countries. It has caused over 20 million deaths in humans around the globe. Countries reporting very high death/infection rates include USA (393,948/23,617,815), Brazil (206,009/5,257,459), Mexico (136,917/1,571,901), India (153,000/10,596,442), UK (84,767/3,211,576), France (69,031/2,830,842), Russia (63,940/3,495,816) and Italy (80,326/2,319,036). Worldwide a total of over 96,750,700 COVID-19 cases have so far been reported. As reported earlier this pandemic has hit almost every country worldwide causing exceptionally high morbidity and mortality. Amongst the South Asian countries India is worst hit by this deadly COVID-19. Pakistan?s neighboring Iran is also very badly infected and reported 57,057 deaths of 1,348,316 infected people. In Pakistan 52,411,930 confirm cases of COVID-19 and around deaths are in various of the